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| − | Turtle Graphics come from Logo, but Turtle Art is written in Python. However, you can save any Turtle Art program in Logo, even a single block, and examine the code or run it in Brian Harvey's UCBLogo. This allows another perspective on Turtle Art blocks, giving fine details in some cases that might not be obvious from experiment. So we can start to teach Logo to students who have even modest proficiency in Turtle Art, by constructing TA programs and saving as Logo, and then gradually moving to composing Logo with the TA code as examples.
| + | == Turtle Art/Tutorials/Turtle Art and Logo == |
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| − | This is valuable because Logo is a complete programming language, which Turtle Art is not. Although it is [[Activities/TurtleArt/Tutorials/Turtle_Art_Turing_Machine|Turing-complete]], which means that it could in principle compute any computable function, given enough space and time, it does not have many of the other capabilities of programming languages that can call external libraries, such as file handling and convenient UI design. Of course, you can do that in Python, and you can call Python from Turtle Art, but that isn't the subject of this lesson.
| + | Read at https://help.sugarlabs.org/turtleart_tutorials/turtle_art_and_logo.html |
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| − | Let's see how it might work to learn Logo from TA, or use Logo to illuminate TA.
| + | The source file has been moved to [https://github.com/godiard/help-activity/blob/master/source/turtleart_tutorials/turtle_art_and_logo.rst GitHub] |
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| − | ==Logo Code for TA Blocks==
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| − | | |
| − | ===start===
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| − | A new TA session starts with just a start block. Click it, and nothing visible happens.
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| − | | |
| − | [[File:TAStart.png]]
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| − | | |
| − | Any guesses as to what went on? Here you go.
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| − | window
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| − | to start
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| − |
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| − | end
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| − | This says to open a display window, and then uses "to" to define a procedure named "start" with contents a blank line. The keyword "end" ends the definition. So we were right. The start block all by itself does nothing, but goes through a process to get that result.
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| − | Of course in TA we don't open display windows, because one is always open.
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| − | | |
| − | ===Start-Forward===
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| − | All right, that didn't tell us a lot, but maybe this will help.
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| − | [[File:TAStartForward-100.png]]
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| − | Well, that's better. Now the procedure actually has content, and the content is exactly the meaning of the block we were looking at, forward 100. The only difference is the decimal point and following 0, meaning that this is a floating point value, not an integer. We don't need that distinction in Turtle Art, which takes care of the conversion for us. Forward works fine with fractional distances, although you would have to lay down several different ones side by side to see the difference. We don't need to know all about numeric types yet, for what we are doing in Logo.
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| − | window
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| − | to start
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| − | forward 100.0
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| − | end
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| − | ===No Start===
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| − | So what happens if we leave out the start block? This happens.
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| − | [[File:TAForward-100.png]]
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| − | Instead of a start procedure, our Logo program defines a procedure named turtleblocks_0. Otherwise, there is no difference.
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| − | window
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| − | to turtleblocks_0
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| − | forward 100.0
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| − | end
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| − | | |
| − | ===Left===
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| − | [[File:TALeft-90.png]]
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| − | No suprises.
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| − | window
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| − | to turtleblocks_0
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| − | left 90.0
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| − | end
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| − | | |
| − | ===SetBackground===
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| − | [[File:TASetBackground-60-80.png]] | |
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| − | Oh. A lot more goes on here. Turtle Art told Logo about how it handles colors. I won't explain everything in detail, but let's make a list of bits of Logo we haven't seen yet.
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| − | * : for arguments to a function in the definition
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| − | * "name is the name itself, not the value of the variable with that name
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| − | * make to give a value to a variable
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| − | * arithmetic including modulo (remainder on division)
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| − | * ifelse condition [what to do]
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| − | * first gets the first item from a list
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| − | * butfirst drops the first item from a list
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| − | * [data] makes a list
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| − | * colors holds the numeric definition of the Turtle Art color palette
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| − | That's more features that fit comfortably in teaching a lesson, but might not be too many in guided discovery over several sessions. With the hints given above, you should be able to see what every part of this Logo program is, but not necessarily how all of the parts fit together. That will require careful reading, including comparing definitions with their uses, and lots of experiments. For some learners, that's the best part of all. For others, including many teachers, it is a useful lesson in tolerating your own ignorance while you seek to discover something you didn't know. Anyway, we don't have to require that everybody discover everything. Students can share discoveries, which is another particularly useful lesson in itself.
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| − | Once we get past those definitions, though, there is a procedure definition for tasetbackground, corresponding to the block we are testing. It is then called with the arguments 60.0 for color and 80.0 for shade, as we specified. And look! It's blue!
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| − | window
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| − | to tasetpalette :i :r :g :b :myshade
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| − | make "s ((:myshade - 50) / 50)
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| − | ifelse lessp :s 0 [
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| − | make "s (1 + (:s *0.8))
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| − | make "r (:r * :s)
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| − | make "g (:g * :s)
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| − | make "b (:b * :s)
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| − | ] [ make "s (:s * 0.9)
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| − | make "r (:r + ((99-:r) * :s))
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| − | make "g (:g + ((99-:g) * :s))
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| − | make "b (:b + ((99-:b) * :s))
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| − | ] setpalette :i (list :r :g :b)
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| − | end
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| − |
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| − | to rgb :myi :mycolors :myshade
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| − | make "myr first :mycolors
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| − | make "mycolors butfirst :mycolors
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| − | make "myg first :mycolors
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| − | make "mycolors butfirst :mycolors
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| − | make "myb first :mycolors
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| − | make "mycolors butfirst :mycolors
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| − | tasetpalette :myi :myr :myg :myb :myshade
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| − | output :mycolors
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| − | end
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| − |
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| − | to processcolor :mycolors :myshade
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| − | if emptyp :mycolors [stop]
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| − | make "i :i + 1
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| − | processcolor (rgb :i :mycolors :myshade) :myshade
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| − | end
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| − |
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| − | to tasetshade :shade
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| − | make "myshade modulo :shade 200
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| − | if greaterp :myshade 99 [make "myshade (199-:myshade)]
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| − | make "i 7
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| − | make "mycolors :colors
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| − | processcolor :mycolors :myshade
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| − | end
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| − |
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| − | to tasetpencolor :c
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| − | make "color (modulo (round :c) 100)
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| − | setpencolor :color + 8
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| − | end
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| − |
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| − | make "colors [
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| − | 99 0 0
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| − | 99 5 0
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| − | 99 10 0
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| − | 99 15 0
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| − | 99 20 0
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| − | 99 25 0
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| − | 99 30 0
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| − | 99 35 0
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| − | 99 40 0
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| − | 99 45 0
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| − | 99 50 0
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| − | 99 55 0
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| − | 99 60 0
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| − | 99 65 0
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| − | 99 70 0
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| − | 99 75 0
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| − | 99 80 0
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| − | 99 85 0
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| − | 99 90 0
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| − | 99 95 0
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| − | 99 99 0
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| − | 90 99 0
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| − | 80 99 0
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| − | 70 99 0
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| − | 60 99 0
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| − | 50 99 0
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| − | 40 99 0
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| − | 30 99 0
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| − | 20 99 0
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| − | 10 99 0
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| − | 0 99 0
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| − | 0 99 5
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| − | 0 99 10
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| − | 0 99 15
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| − | 0 99 20
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| − | 0 99 25
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| − | 0 99 30
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| − | 0 99 35
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| − | 0 99 40
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| − | 0 99 45
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| − | 0 99 50
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| − | 0 99 55
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| − | 0 99 60
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| − | 0 99 65
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| − | 0 99 70
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| − | 0 99 75
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| − | 0 99 80
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| − | 0 99 85
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| − | 0 99 90
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| − | 0 99 95
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| − | 0 99 99
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| − | 0 95 99
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| − | 0 90 99
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| − | 0 85 99
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| − | 0 80 99
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| − | 0 75 99
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| − | 0 70 99
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| − | 0 65 99
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| − | 0 60 99
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| − | 0 55 99
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| − | 0 50 99
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| − | 0 45 99
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| − | 0 40 99
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| − | 0 35 99
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| − | 0 30 99
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| − | 0 25 99
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| − | 0 20 99
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| − | 0 15 99
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| − | 0 10 99
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| − | 0 5 99
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| − | 0 0 99
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| − | 5 0 99
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| − | 10 0 99
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| − | 15 0 99
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| − | 20 0 99
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| − | 25 0 99
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| − | 30 0 99
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| − | 35 0 99
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| − | 40 0 99
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| − | 45 0 99
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| − | 50 0 99
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| − | 55 0 99
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| − | 60 0 99
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| − | 65 0 99
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| − | 70 0 99
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| − | 75 0 99
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| − | 80 0 99
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| − | 85 0 99
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| − | 90 0 99
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| − | 95 0 99
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| − | 99 0 99
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| − | 99 0 90
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| − | 99 0 80
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| − | 99 0 70
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| − | 99 0 60
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| − | 99 0 50
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| − | 99 0 40
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| − | 99 0 30
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| − | 99 0 20
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| − | 99 0 10]
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| − |
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| − | make "shade 50
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| − | tasetshade :shade
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| − |
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| − | to tasetbackground :color :shade
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| − | tasetshade :shade
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| − | setbackground :color
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| − | end
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| − |
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| − | to turtleblocks_0
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| − | tasetbackground 60.0 80.0
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| − | end
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| − | ==Logo Code for TA Examples==
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| − | TBD
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| − | ==See Also==
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| − | * [http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~bh/logo.html UCB Logo]
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| − | * [http://dailypapert.com/ The Daily Papert]
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| − | * [http://el.media.mit.edu/logo-foundation/ Logo Foundation]
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| − | ==Further Reading==
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| − | * ''Mindstorms: Children, Computers, and Powerful Ideas'', by Seymour Papert. Where Logo and Turtle Graphics got started.
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