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-[http://wiki.sugarlabs.org/go/Activities/Abacus/Abacos Traducción español] |
+== Abacus ==
-[[File:Abacus.jpg]]
+Read at https://help.sugarlabs.org/abacus.html
-== Where to get Abacus ==
+The source file has been moved to [https://github.com/godiard/help-activity/blob/master/source/abacus.rst GitHub]
-[http://activities.sugarlabs.org/en-US/sugar/addon/4293/ Activity] | [http://git.sugarlabs.org/projects/abacus/repos/mainline Source]
-== About Abacus ==
-[[File:Abacus-icon.png]]
-[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus Abacus] lets the learner explore different representations of numbers using different mechanical counting systems developed by the ancient Romans and Chinese. There are several different variants available for exploration: a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan suanpan], the traditional Chinese abacus with 2 beads on top and 5 beads below; a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soroban soroban], the traditional Japanese abacus with 1 bead on top and 4 beads below; the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus#Russian_abacus schety], the traditional Russian abacus, with 10 beads per column, with the exception of one column with just 4 beads used for counting in fourths; and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus#Native_American_abaci nepohualtzintzin], a Mayan abacus, 3 beads on top and 4 beads below (base 20). There is also a binary abacus, a hexadecimal abacus, and several abacuses that lets you calculate with common fractions: 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5, 1/6, 1/8, 1/9, 1/10, and 1/12. As of Version 9, there is a customization toolbar that lets you design your own abacus.
-<gallery>
-File:Suanpan.png|suanpan (Chinese)
-File:Soroban.png|soropan (Japanese)
-File:Schety.png|schety (Russian)
-File:Nepohualtzintzin.png|nepohualtzintzin (Mayan)
-File:Binary.png|binary (base 2)
-File:Hexadecimal.png|hexadecimal (base 16)
-File:Fraction.png|fractions (1/2, 1/3, 1/4,...)
-File:Caacupe.png|Caacupe (fractions with +/–)
-File:Decimal.png|decimal (base 10)
-File:Rods.png|Cuisenaire-style rods (fractions)
-File:Custom-abacus.png|custom, as shown: octal (base 8)
-</gallery>
-=== The toolbars ===
-{| border=0
-|-
-|
-[[Image:Abacus Toolbar 1.png]]
-|-
-|From left to right:
-* project-toolbar button
-* edit-toolbar button
-* abacus-toolbar button
-* customization-toolbar button
-* clear button (clear the abacus)
-* stop button not shown
-|-
-|[[Image:Abacus Toolbar 2.png]]
-|From left to right:
-* copy (copy current value to clipboard)
-* paste (paste a value from the clipboard into the abacus)
-|-
-|[[Image:Abacus Toolbar 3.png]]
-|-
-|From left to right:
-* decimal button (decimal abacus)
-* soroban button (Japanese abacus)
-* saupan button (Chinese abacus)
-* nepohualtzintzin button (Mayan abacus)
-* hexadecimal button (hexadecimal abacus)
-* binary button (binary abacus)
-* schety button (Russian abacus)
-* fraction button (fraction abacus)
-* Caacupe button (fraction abacus with +/–)
-* rod button (Cuisenaire-like abacus)
-* custom button (your custom abacus)
-|-
-|[[Image:Abacus Toolbar 4.png]]
-|-
-|From left to right:
-* select the number of rods
-* select the number of beads on the top of the frame
-* select the number of beads on the bottom of the frame
-* select the multiplication factor of top beads (e.g., on the Chinese abacus, each top bead counts as 5× the value of a bottom bead on the same rod)
-* select the base to determine the value of bottom beads across rods; this is 10 on most conventional abacuses, but 20 on the Mayan abacus, 16 on the hexadecimal abacus, and 2 on the binary abacus.
-* new-abacus button (you must push this button to activate the selections you've made)
-|}
-== How to use an abacus ==
-=== Clear the abacus ===
-Before you start an arithmetic operation, you need to "clear" the abacus. The upper beads should be positioned against the top of the frame and the lower beads should be positioned against the bottom of the frame. This is the default position for the abacus when you launch the activity. (Note that some of the abacuses (e.g., the schety) do not have any upper beads. In such cases, all of the beads should start in the down position.)
-=== Reading the abacus ===
-In each column, the bottom beads represent 1s and the top beads represent 5s. (The exception is the column in the schety with only 4 beads. These are 1/4 each.) So for each bead you raise up from the bottom in a column add 1 and for each bead you lower from the top in the same column, add 5.
-The columns themselves represent decimal positions from right to left, e.g., 1s, 10s, 100s, 1000s, etc. (There are some exceptions: (1) the nepohualtzintzin uses base 20, e.g., 1s, 20s, 400s, 8000s, etc.; (2) on the schety, the beads to the right of the column with just four beads are 0.1s, 0.01s, 0.001s, and 0.0001s; the black beads on the Caacupé abacus are fractions; and the custom abacus lets you choose whatever (integer) base you want.)
-The current value is always displayed on the frame. Experiment and you will quickly learn to write and read numbers.
-'''Examples:''' In the gallery below, several simple examples are shown. In the gallery of images above, the number 54321 is shown on each of the different abaci.
-<gallery>
-File:Abacus-1.png|1 bottom bead is up, corresponding to 1 unit
-File:Abacus-5.png|1 top bead is down, corresponding to 5 units
-File:Abacus-5b.png|5 bottom beads are up, also corresponding to 5 units
-File:Abacus-6.png|1 bottom bead is up and 1 top bead is down, corresponding to 6 units
-File:Abacus-10.png|5 bottom beads are up and 1 top bead is down, corresponding to 10 units (time to "carry" to the left)
-File:Abacus-10x1.png|This 10 is equivalent to...
-File:Abacus-1x10.png|... this 10
-File:Abacus-54321.png|54321
-</gallery>
-'''Note:''' The display always assumes a fixed unit column, but you can override this choice.
-<gallery>
-File:Abacus-highlight.png|The beads moved most recently are highlighted.
-</gallery>
-=== Addition ===
-To add, simply move in more beads to represent the number you are adding. There are two rules to follow: (1) whenever you have a total of 5 units or more on the bottom of a column, cancel out the 5 by sliding the beads back down and add a five to to the top; and (2) whenever you have a total of 10 units or more in a column, cancel out the 10 and add one unit to the column immediately to the left. (With the nepohualtzintzin, you work with 20 rather than 10.)
-'''Example:''' 4+3+5+19+24=55
-<gallery>
-File:Abacus-plus-4.png|4
-File:Abacus-plus-3.png|+3=7 (5–2=3)
-File:Abacus-plus-5.png|+5=12
-File:Abacus-12.png|carry 5s to next column
-File:Abacus-plus-19.png|+19=31 (20-1=19)
-File:Abacus-plus-24.png|+24=55
-File:Abacus-55.png|4+3+5+19+24=55
-</gallery>
-=== Subtraction ===
-Subtraction is the inverse of addition. Move out beads that correspond to the number you are subtracting. You can "borrow" from the column immediately to the left: subtracting one unit and adding 10 to the current column.
-'''Example:''' 26–2–4–6–10=4
-<gallery>
-File:Abacus-26.png|26
-File:Abacus-minus-2.png|26–2=24
-File:Abacus-minus-4.png|24–4=20
-File:Abacus-carry-10.png|carry 10 to the right
-File:Abacus-minus-6.png|20–6=14
-File:Abacus-minus-10.png|14–10=4
-</gallery>
-=== Multiplication ===
-There are several strategies for doing multiplication on an abacus. In the method used in the example below, the multiplier is stored on the far left of the abacus and the multiplicand is offset to the left by the number of digits in the multiplier. The red ''indicator'' is used to help keep track of where we are in the process.
-<gallery>
-File:Abacus-486x24.png|486×24=? Begin by placing 24 in the left-most columns and 486 offset from the far right by two columns (since 24 has two digits). Set the indicator to the right of the multiplicand.
-File:Abacus-4x6.png|Multiply the least-significant digits (LSD) of the multiplier (4) and multiplicand (6) and place the results (4×6=24) in the far right columns.
-File:Abacus-2x6.png|Multiply the next digit in the multiplier (2, which corresponds to 2×10=20) and the LSD of the multiplicand (6) and add the results (2×6=12) on the right (advancing one column to the left to correspond to the power of the digit in the multiplier).
-File:Abacus-100s.png|Move the indicator over one column to the left.
-File:Abacus-4x8.png|Repeat for the next digit in the multiplicand (8): 4×8=32
-File:Abacus-2x8.png|2×8=16
-File:Abacus-1000s.png|Move the indicator over one column to the left.
-File:Abacus-4x4.png|Repeat for the next digit in the multiplicand (4): 4×4=16
-File:Abacus-2x4.png|2×4=8
-File:Abacus-11664.png|Clear the multiplier from the left and view the result: 486×24=11664
-</gallery>
-=== Division ===
-Simple division (by a single-digit number) is the inverse of multiplication. In the example below, the dividend is put on the left (leaving one column vacant for the quotient) and the divisor on the right.
-<gallery>
-File:Abacus-123456789-over-2.png|123456789÷2=? Place the dividend (123456789) on the left, leaving one blank column. Place the divisor (2) on the right.
-File:Abacus-1-over-2.png|Working from the left to the right, divide a digit in the quotient and then move the indicator one column to the right. 1÷2=0.5
-File:Abacus-2-over-2.png|2÷2=1
-File:Abacus-3-over-2.png|3÷2=1.5
-File:Abacus-4-over-2.png|4÷2=2
-File:Abacus-5-over-2.png|5÷2=2.5
-File:Abacus-6-over-2.png|6÷2=3
-File:Abacus-7-over-2.png|7÷2=3.5
-File:Abacus-8-over-2.png|8÷2=4
-File:Abacus-9-over-2.png|9÷2=4.5
-File:Abacus-617283945.png|The result is 61728394.5.
-</gallery>
-'''TODO:''' Add instructions for long division.
-=== Fractions ===
-The fraction abacus lets you add and subtract common fractions: 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5, 1/6, 1/8, 1/9, 1/10, and 1/12, The fractional value is determined by the number of black beads on a rod, e.g., to work with thirds, use the rod with three beads, to work with fifths, use the rod with five beads.
-The rods with white beads are whole numbers in base 10; from left to right 100000, 10000, 1000, 100, 10, and 1.
-<gallery>
-File:Abacus-fractions.png|20 + 1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/6 = 22
-</gallery>
-== Modifying Abacus ==
-Abacus is under GPL license. You are free to use it and learn with it. You are also encouraged to modify it to suit your needs or just for a further opportunity to learn.
-Most changes can be confined to three modules: <code>AbacusActivity.py</code>, <code>abacus.py</code> and <code>abacus_window.py</code>. The former define the Sugar and GNOME toolbars; the latter defines what code is executed by each type of abacus.
-For instance, to add a menu item such as 'Reset' you would do the following in <code>abacus.py</code>:
-* Add these lines to the menu items list:
-        menu_items = gtk.MenuItem(_("Reset"))
-        menu.append(menu_items)
-        menu_items.connect("activate", self._reset)
-* The _reset() method is trivial:
-    def _reset(self, event, data=None):
-        """ Reset """
-        self.abacus.mode.reset_abacus()
-Similarly, you can add another button to the Sugar toolbar in <code>AbacusActivity.py</code>:
-* Add these lines to the toolbar block:
-            # Reset the beads on the abacus to the initial cleared position
-            self.reset_button = ToolButton( "reset" )
-            self.reset_button.set_tooltip(_('Reset'))
-            self.reset_button.props.sensitive = True
-            self.reset_button.connect('clicked', self._reset_button_cb)
-            toolbar_box.toolbar.insert(self.reset_button, -1)
-            self.reset_button.show()
-* The _reset_button_cb() method is trivial:
-    def _reset_button_cb(self, event, data=None):
-        """ Reset the beads on the abacus to the initial cleared position """
-        self.abacus.mode.reset_abacus()
-* You'll have to create an icon for the button (<code>reset.svg</code>) and put it into the <code>icon</code> subdirectory of the bundle.
-This will complete the changes in the <code>abacus.py</code>. The method <code>reset_abacus()</code> will have to be defined for each abacus in the <code>abacus_window.py</code>.  This can be done by creating that method in the <code>AbacusGeneric</code> class used by all the varieties of abacus.  The method may have to be overridden in some abacus subclasses for customization reasons.  For instance, <code>reset_abacus()</code> was defined in <code>AbacusGeneric</code> class and then overridden in <code>Schety</code>.
-If the changes involve modifying the graphics, then other methods may need to be modified as well.  For instance, in order to introduce a reset button that can be clicked to reset the bead positions to the beginning, the following methods had to be modified – all in <code>abacus_window.py</code>:
-# in the <code>class Abacus</code>, method <code>_button_press_cb()</code> to activate reset button;
-# in the <code>class AbacusGeneric</code>, method <code>create()</code> to create the graphics for reset button;
-# methods <code>hide()</code> and <code>show()</code> to make the button visible.
-==Discussion==
-It would be interesting to discuss [[Activities/Abacus/Worksheet |various lesson plans]] for using an abacus here. Also, it would be interesting to explore the use of color. What if, for example, the more recent a bead is moved, the more colorful it is? (implemented in v5). This would perhaps make it more clear what the order of operations is on a calculation. Also, what it we extend the idea of the schety to include more fractional components, e.g., 3rd, 5ths, 6ths, etc. and perhaps have a mode where we can automate the consolidation of the fractional parts (implemented in v6).
-Might be good to have some of the above information in Help, eg addition, subtraction, multiplication division. Just the text, no graphics?
-It was proposed in IRC last night that a fun collaborative mode might be to have a number randomly generated and each sharer work independently to post it on the abacus of their choice first. There could be a tally of beads awarded for each correct answer. Maybe something to add to v10.
-I wonder, should the beads on the fraction abacus vary in size? The halves should be five-bead heights each, for example?
-As of v10, the beads are labeled.
-== Reporting problems ==
-If you discover a bug in the program or have a suggestion for an enhancement, please [https://bugs.sugarlabs.org/newticket?component=Abacus file a ticket] in our bug-tracking system.
-You can [https://bugs.sugarlabs.org/query?status=accepted&status=assigned&status=new&status=reopened&component=Abacus view the open tickets here].
-[[Category:Activities]]

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