@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-=Porting an existing activity to GTK3=
+Replaced with
-This is a guide to porting an existing activity from GTK2 to [http://developer.gnome.org/gtk3/stable/ GTK3]. It also shows the changes to use the new Sugar toolkit that also now uses [[Features/GTK3|GTK3]]. This guide uses the [http://git.sugarlabs.org/hello-world hello-world] activity as a simple example.
+https://github.com/sugarlabs/sugar-docs/blob/master/src/gtk3-porting-guide.md
-==Preparation==
-Before you start porting your activity you are encouraged to branch off a stable branch. This will allow you to keep on doing stable releases on the stable branch and new releases on the master branch. We highly recommend that you use the 'sugar-0.94' as the stable branch name because this will keep the repositories consistent and eases the development work. Let's step through this with a real life example:
-The latest release of hello-world was version 3 (commit 04fb9beb708f1078aae93995da3ec06bac7aa433). We want to branch off at that point. If you did not do any changes after the last stable commit simply create a branch with:
- git branch sugar-0.94
-If you made already commits after that, you need to go to that commit first and create a branch at that specific point in our case commit 04fb9beb708f1078aae93995da3ec06bac7aa433, there is a command to do that in one go:
- git checkout -b sugar-0.94 04fb9beb708f1078aae93995da3ec06bac7aa433
-In both cases this has created a local branch, as you can see by running 'git branch'; you should see the following (if you did the second command you will have sugar-0.94 already selected):
-<pre>
-[erikos@T61 helloworld]$ git branch
-* master
-  sugar-0.94
-</pre>
-The 'sugar-0.94' branch is only available locally, as you can see by running 'git branch -r' which shows the remote branches:
-<pre>
-[erikos@T61 helloworld]$ git branch -r
-  origin/HEAD -> origin/master
-  origin/master
-  origin/sucrose-0.84
-</pre>
-The only branch available besides the master branch is the 'sucrose-0.84' branch. Let's push now our new branch to the remote repository to make it available for others:
-<pre>
-git push origin sugar-0.94
-</pre>
-The branch is now listed as a remote branch. You can verify as well on your [http://git.sugarlabs.org/hello-world/mainline gitorious page].
-<pre>
-[erikos@T61 helloworld]$ git branch -r
-  origin/HEAD -> origin/master
-  origin/master
-  origin/sucrose-0.84
-  origin/sugar-0.94
-</pre>
-You can switch now between those branches using 'git checkout <branch>'. And you can use 'git branch' to see which branch you are on (the one with the * before is the branch you are currently on).
-<pre>
-git checkout sugar-0.94
-git checkout master
-</pre>
-==Cleanup, adopt to API changes in the sugar-toolkit==
-''This should be done only on the master branch''! In the new sugar-toolkit we have removed old API, you should adjust your activity accordingly:
-* the keep button has been removed completely
-* the old-style toolbar has been removed
-==Port the activity from GTK2 to GTK3==
-To start, change the importing instruction for GTK from
- import gtk
-to
- from gi.repository import Gtk
-Then you have to change each call that involves Gtk, for example creating a button will look now like this:
- button = Gtk.Button()
-A simple hello world program in GTK3 looks like this:
-<pre>
-from gi.repository import Gtk
-def _destroy_cb(widget, data=None):
-    Gtk.main_quit()
-w = Gtk.Window()
-w.connect("destroy", _destroy_cb)
-label = Gtk.Label('Hello World!')
-w.add(label)
-w.show_all()
-Gtk.main()
-</pre>
-For porting your activity you do have to change your calls for accessing widgets and services in the new GTK3 sugar-toolkit as well. The new namespace is called sugar3, trying to reflect that GTK3 is the underlying technology. For example the import of the base activity class has to be changed from
- from sugar.activity import activity
-to
- from sugar3.activity import activity
-The changes that were needed to port the hello-world activity can be seen in [http://git.sugarlabs.org/hello-world/mainline/commit/508e1c518b56cbde5508e560c8a2ff38a3518583 this commit].
-Ok, let's do these changes now for your activity. Make sure you are in your master branch using the 'git branch' command (the master branch should have a '*' before it). Make your changes, commit them ('git commit -a') and push them to the remote repository ('git push origin master').
-===Tools===
-There are tools to help you do the porting. There is a script in the pygobject repository for porting called [http://git.gnome.org/browse/pygobject/tree/pygi-convert.sh pygi-convert.sh], more info about the script can be found in [http://live.gnome.org/PyGObject/IntrospectionPorting the PyGObject Introspection Porting guide].
-If you are having trouble finding how a particular GTK class/method/constant has been named in PyGI, run [http://dev.laptop.org/~dsd/20110806/pygi-enumerate.py pygi-enumerate.py] and grep the output. (this app lists all identified methods and constants).
-=== Constructor considerations ===
-With PyGI it is possible to use Python-like constructors, or "new" functions e.g. the following are (usually) equivalent:
- label = Gtk.Button()
- label = Gtk.Button.new()
-However, the first form is preferred: it is more Python-like. Internally, the difference is that Gtk.Label.new() translates to a call to gtk_label_new(), whereas Gtk.Label() (the preferred form) will directly construct an instance of GtkLabel at the GObject level.
-If the constructor takes parameters, they '''must''' be named. The parameters correspond to GObject properties in the API documentation which are usually marked as "Construct". For example, the following code will not work:
- expander = Gtk.Expander("my expander")
-The (confusing) error is:
- TypeError: GObject.__init__() takes exactly 0 arguments (1 given)
-The solution is to go to the [http://developer.gnome.org/gtk3/3.2/GtkExpander.html#GtkExpander.properties GtkExpander API documentation] and find the appropriate property that we wish to set. In this case it is <b>label</b> (which is a Construct property, further increasing our confidence of success), so the code should be:
- expander = Gtk.Expander(label="my expander")
-Combining the two points above, if you wish to call a construct-like function such as gtk_button_new_with_label(), you do have the option of calling Gtk.Button.new_with_label(), however if we check the [http://developer.gnome.org/gtk3/3.2/GtkButton.html#GtkButton.properties GtkButton properties] we see one called "label" which is equivalent. Therefore gtk_button_new_with_label("foo") should be called as:
- button = Gtk.Button(label="foo")
-=== HBox, VBox, pack_start and pack_end ===
-GtkHBox and GtkVBox, commonly used containers in GTK2 code, have pack_start and pack_end methods. These take 4 parameters:
-# The widget to pack into the container
-# '''expand''': Whether the child should receive extra space when the container grows (default True)
-# '''fill''': True if space given to child by the expand option is actually allocated to child, rather than just padding it. This parameter has no effect if expand is set to False. A child is always allocated the full height of a gtk.HBox and the full width of a gtk.VBox. This option affects the other dimension. (default True)
-# '''padding''': extra space in pixels to put between child and its neighbor (default 0)
-In PyGTK, the expand, fill and padding parameters were optional: if unspecified, the default values above were used. In PyGI, these parameters are '''not''' optional: all 4 must be specified. Hence the rules for adding in the extra parameters are:
-# If '''expand''' was not set, use value True
-# If '''fill''' was not set, use value True. (however, if expand is False, this parameter gets ignored so False is an equally acceptable option when expand=False)
-# If padding was not set, use value 0.
-These parameters can be specified either as positional arguments or as named keyword arguments, however all 4 must always be specified. Some developers prefer keyword arguments, arguing that the following:
-<pre>box.pack_start(widget, expand=True, fill=False, padding=4)</pre>
-is much more readable than:
-<pre>box.pack_start(widget, True, False, 4)</pre>
-However, these functions are called extremely often; any mildly seasoned GTK developer will have memorized the order and meaning of the parameters. Some developers therefore prefer to avoid the extra work of dropping in hundreds of keyword arguments throughout the code and just use the positional ones. This is really up to you.
-If you are using pack_start with the default values (expand=True, fill=True and padding=0), you can avoid using pack_start (and the parameter pain that it brings with it) by just using .add for some added cleanliness, e.g.
-<pre>box.pack_start(widget, True, True, 0)</pre>
-can be replaced with:
-<pre>box.add(widget)</pre>
-This is as far as you need to go for now. However, in GTK3, GtkVBox and GtkHBox have been deprecated, which means they might be removed in GTK4. The replacement is to use GtkBox directly, and you may wish to make this change now. e.g.:
-<pre>vbox = Gtk.Box(orientation=Gtk.Orientation.VERTICAL)</pre>
-However, it must be noted that if GtkBox is used directly (instead of using GtkHBox/GtkVBox), the default value of '''expand''' is now '''False'''. The implications of this are:
-# You need to check your .add() calls, as previously they would behave as pack_start with expand=True, but now they will behave as expand=False (you need to change them to use pack_start with expand=True to retain the old behaviour)
-# Every single pack_start call that has expand=False and padding=0 (and any value of fill) can be converted to .add() for cleanliness
-=== GtkAlignment considerations ===
-In PyGTK, the gtk.Alignment constructor takes four optional parameters:
-# xalign: the fraction of horizontal free space to the left of the child widget. Ranges from 0.0 to 1.0. Default value 0.0.
-# yalign: the fraction of vertical free space above the child widget. Ranges from 0.0 to 1.0. Default value 0.0.
-# xscale: the fraction of horizontal free space that the child widget absorbs, from 0.0 to 1.0. Default value 0.0.
-# yscale: the fraction of vertical free space that the child widget absorbs, from 0.0 to 1.0. Default value 0.0
-In PyGI/GTK3, these parameters are still optional when used in the Gtk.Alignment constructor (as keyword arguments, as explained above). However, the default values have changed. They are now:
-# xalign: default value 0.5
-# yalign: default value 0.5
-# xscale: default value 1
-# yscale: default value 1
-If your code was relying on the default value of 0 for any of these parameters in PyGTK, you will now need to explicitly specify that in your constructor. Similarly, if you were previously using construction parameters to select the now-default values, those parameters can be dropped.
-Additionally, PyGTK accepted these construction parameters as positional arguments. As explained above, they must now be converted to keyword arguments.
-==Make a release==
-===Versioning===
-If you do new releases the versioning of the GTK2 and GTK3 release should be different. For GTK2 releases you should use dotted versions for new development releases major versions. Let's have a look at hello-world as an example. The latest release of hello-world was version 3. Bug fix releases should be named 3.1 then 3.2 and so on. The new releases for the new development branch should be starting with a major number, in this case 4.
-== Tips to Activity Developers ==
-===Going from Drawable to Cairo===
-GTK-3 does not support gtk Drawable objects, so the first step is to get your activity running under Cairo.
-<pre>
-import cairo
-# From activity.Activity, you inherit a canvas.
-# Create a Cairo context from the window.
-cairo_context = self.canvas.get_window().cairo_create()
-# Create an XLib surface to be used for drawing
-xlib_surface = surface.create_similar(cairo.CONTENT_COLOR,
-                                      gtk.gdk.screen_width(),
-                                      gtk.gdk.screen_height())
-# You'll need a Cairo context from which you'll build a GTK Cairo context
-cairo_context = cairo.Context(xlib_surface)
-cairo_context = gtk.gdk.CairoContext(cairo_context)
-# Use this context as you would a Drawable, substituting Cairo commands
-# for gtk commands, e.g.,
-cairo_context.move_to(0, 0)
-cairo_context.line_to(100, 100)
-# Cairo uses floats from 0 to 1 for RGB values
-cairo_context.set_source_rgb(r, g, b)
-cairo_context.rectangle(x, y, w, h)
-cairo_context.fill()
-# To invalidate a region to force a refresh, use:
-self.canvas.queue_draw_area(x, y, w, h)
-# Handle the expose event
-def do_expose_event(self, event):
-    # Create the cairo context
-    cairo_context = self.canvas.get_window().cairo_create(
-    cairo_context.rectangle(event.area.x, event.area.y,
-                            event.area.width, event.area.height)
-    cairo_context.clip()
-    cairo_context.set_source_surface(xlib_surface)
-    cairo_context.paint()
-</pre>
-Pango is a bit different when used with Cairo:
-<pre>
-import pango, pangocairo
-# Again, from the xlib_surface...
-cairo_context = cairo.Context(xlib_surface)
-# Create a PangoCairo context
-cairo_context = pangocairo.CairoContext(cairo_context)
-# The pango layout is created from the Cairo context
-pango_layout = cairo_context.create_layout()
-# You still use pango to set up font descriptions.
-fd = pango.FontDescription('Sans')
-fd.set_size(12 * pango.SCALE)
-# Tell your pango layout about your font description
-pango_layout.set_font_description(fd)
-# Write text to your pango layout
-pango_layout.set_text('Hello world')
-# Position it within the Cairo context
-cairo_context.save()
-cairo_context.translate(x, y)
-cairo_context.rotate(pi / 3)  # You can rotate text and images in Cairo
-cairo_context.set_source_rgb(1, 0, 0)
-# Finally, draw the text
-cairo_context.update_layout(pango_layout)
-cairo_context.show_layout(pango_layout)
-cairo_context.restore()
-</pre>
-To draw a bitmap...
-<pre>
-# Again, from the xlib_surface...
-cairo_context = cairo.Context(xlib_surface)
-# Create a gtk context
-cairo_context = gtk.gdk.CairoContext(cairo_context)
-cairo_context.set_source_pixbuf(pixbuf, x, y)
-cairo_context.rectangle(x, y, w, h)
-cairo_context.fill()
-</pre>
-To read a pixel from the xlib surface...
-<pre>
-# create a new 1x1 cairo surface
-cairo_surface = cairo.ImageSurface(cairo.FORMAT_RGB24, 1, 1);
-cairo_context = cairo.Context(cairo_surface)
-# translate xlib_surface so that target pixel is at 0, 0
-cairo_context.set_source_surface(xlib_surface, -x, -y)
-cairo_context.rectangle(0,0,1,1)
-cairo_context.set_operator(cairo.OPERATOR_SOURCE)
-cairo_context.fill()
-cairo_surface.flush() # ensure all writing is done
-# Read the pixel
-return (ord(pixels[2]), ord(pixels[1]), ord(pixels[0]), 0)
-</pre>
-===Going from Cairo in GTK-2 to Cairo in GTK-3===
-Not much changes, but...
-The Cairo/Pango interaction is a little different:
-<pre>
-from gi.repository import Pango, PangoCairo
-cairo_context = ...
-pango_layout = PangoCairo.create_layout(cairo_context)
-fd = Pango.FontDescription('Sans')
-fd.set_size(12 * pango.SCALE)
-pango_layout.set_font_description(fd)
-pango_layout.set_text('Hello World', -1)
-cairo_context.set_source_rgb(1, 0, 0)
-PangoCairo.update_layout(cairo_context, pango_layout)
-PangoCairo.show_layout(cairo_context, pango_layout)
-</pre>
-===Taking a screenshot and making a thumbnail===
-To make a screenshot of the window:
-<pre>
-width, height = window.get_width(), window.get_height()
-thumb_surface = Gdk.Window.create_similar_surface(window,
-                                                  cairo.CONTENT_COLOR,
-                                                  width, height)
-thumb_width, thumb_height = style.zoom(100), style.zoom(80)
-cairo_context = cairo.Context(thumb_surface)
-thumb_scale_w = thumb_width * 1.0 / width
-thumb_scale_h = thumb_height * 1.0 / height
-cairo_context.scale(thumb_scale_w, thumb_scale_h)
-Gdk.cairo_set_source_window(cairo_context, window, 0, 0)
-cairo_context.paint()
-thumb_surface.write_to_png(png_path_or_filelike_object)
-</pre>
-[[Category:Developer]]

Difference between revisions of "Features/GTK3/Porting"

Latest revision as of 02:16, 17 May 2018

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